with support from
1. From July 2020 to July 2021, 19 percent of the global nation-state threat activity warnings that Microsoft issued were made to customers in which country, second only to the United States?
2. Which of the following is NOT a member of the intelligence alliance the Five Eyes?
3. The first and most notable act of cyber attribution was when the cybersecurity firm Mandiant in 2013 released the APT1 report, which exposed a large-scale cyber campaign by which country’s military?
4. Before Russia’s invasion, the Ukrainian government’s Red Team prepared for cyber operations by:
5. What is the concept of deterrence by denial?
6. What kind of technology is NSO Group’s Pegasus software?
7. Who hosts the world’s largest international cyber defense exercises?
8. Cuba, Nicaragua, and ______ have the highest levels of Russian propaganda consumption in Latin America.
9. Which of the following is not within the mandate of the International Criminal Court Office of the Prosecutor?
10. Which of the following is not an example of blurred lines between civilian and military domains?
Dr. Cordula Droege
Keeping Civilians Off-Limits in Present and Future Wars
Civilians must be protected from—and should not participate in—military cyber operations.
Karim A.A. Khan KC
Technology Will Not Exceed Our Humanity
We must renew our efforts to ensure that justice is not outpaced by the changing character of war.
Clint Watts
How Russia Makes Friends and Influences Audiences in Latin America
Russia’s success in establishing and maintaining a media foothold in Latin America highlights how important worldwide influence campaigns are to hybrid warfare.
Shelley McKinley
Developers Collaborate to Secure Software Ecosystem Amid Digital Threats
The war in Ukraine has shown that the tech industry has a meaningful role to play in enabling developers to strengthen defenses from cyberattacks.
David Agranovich
Detect, Disrupt, Deter: The Multistakeholder Threat-Disruption Model
The tech industry was first to push back as cyber mercenaries launched influence operations, malware development, and espionage, but governments are catching up.
David van Weel
A Proactive Approach to the Cyber Domain Strengthens NATO’s Deterrence and Defense Posture
Responding to the growing threat of hostile cyber operations requires a mindset shift toward greater civilian–military cooperation as well as more engagement with the private sector.
Stéphane Duguin
Tracing Cyberattacks in Times of Conflict: The Hard Path to Cyber Peace
Transparency and rigorous data collection are essential to credibly tracking cyber operations during the Russia–Ukraine war— as are being neutral and facilitating redress for all victims.
Chris Inglis
Cyber Attribution Is Critical to Ensuring Accountability
As cyberattacks become increasingly common, calling out perpetrators is fundamental to imposing sanctions and taking countermeasures.
Comfort Ero
Tech Companies Are Fighting for Ukraine. But Will They Help Save Lives in Other Global Conflicts?
Social networks and tech corporations have become significant actors in hybrid warfare, but much work is needed to determine how they can contribute to the broader efforts of preventing and resolving deadly conflicts.
Mykhailo Fedorov
Lessons from Ukraine in the Heat of an Ongoing Hybrid War
Ukraine has been building up its digital defense for the past decade—preparation that is now paying off.
Annie Fixler
Cyber Resilience Helps Democracies Prevail Against Authoritarian Disinformation Campaigns
The key is to mitigate attacks on communications systems and unmask attempts to corrupt the information environment.
Tom Burt
The Face of Modern Hybrid Warfare
Russia has aligned its cyber, military, and information operations in an unprecedented campaign.